भारतीय थलसेना भारतीय सशस्त्र सेनाओं की थल इकाई है, इसपर भूमि
पर संचालित होने वाले सैन्य कार्यक्रमों का उत्तरदायित्व है| इसके प्राथमिक
उद्देश्य भारतीय सीमाओं की बाहरी शक्तियों के आक्रमण से रक्षा करना, देश
के अन्दर शान्ति एवं सुरक्षा सुनिश्चित करना, सीमाओं की निगरानी एवं आतंक
विरोधी कार्यक्रमों का सञ्चालन करना हैं| आपदा, अशांति और उपद्रव की
स्थितियों में भारतीय थलसेना बचाव एवं मानवीय सहायता पहुँचाने में प्रशासन
का सहयोग भी करती है| थलसेना का नियंत्रण एवं सञ्चालन का कार्य भारतीय रक्षा मंत्रालय के अंतर्गत है|
ग्यारह लाख तीस हज़ार सक्रिय सैनिकों एवं बारह लाख आरक्षित सैन्य कर्मियों की सेवाएं ग्रहण करने वाली भारतीय थल सेना विश्व की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी सेना है| यह पूर्णतः स्वेच्छिक सेवा है, यद्यपि भारत के संविधान में अनिवार्य सैन्य सेवा का प्रावधान भी है, पर इसे आज तक लागू नहीं किया गया|
भारतीय थलसेना की स्थापना सन् १९४७ में भारत को स्वतंत्रता मिलने के तुंरत बाद हुई थी| ब्रिटिश राज के समय की अधिकतर रेजीमेंटों को यथावत रहने दिया गया| संयुक्त राष्ट्र की शान्ति सेनाओं के सदस्य के तौर पर भारतीय थलसेना ने विश्व के अधिकतर युद्ध एवं संघर्ष प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में उत्कृष्ट योगदान दिया है| इसे देश की भौगोलिक विभिन्नताओं के चलते अलग- अलग भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में युद्ध का बहुमूल्य अनुभव है| दलबीर सिंह सुहाग थलसेना के वर्त्तमान प्रमुख हैं| भारतीय थलसेना में फील्ड मार्शल का पद उच्चतम माना जाता है| यह एक मानद पद है जो की केन्द्र सरकार की अनुशंसा पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है, परन्तु केवल विशिष्ट परिस्थितियों में ही इसकी अनुशंसा की जाती है भारतीय सेना के छः दशकों के इतिहास में मात्र दो अधिकारीयों को ही फील्ड मार्शल का पद सौंपा गया है|
भारतीय सेना की भूमिका इस प्रकार है :
The various rank of the Indian Army are listed below in descending order:
कमीशन प्राप्त अधिकारी
ग्यारह लाख तीस हज़ार सक्रिय सैनिकों एवं बारह लाख आरक्षित सैन्य कर्मियों की सेवाएं ग्रहण करने वाली भारतीय थल सेना विश्व की दूसरी सबसे बड़ी सेना है| यह पूर्णतः स्वेच्छिक सेवा है, यद्यपि भारत के संविधान में अनिवार्य सैन्य सेवा का प्रावधान भी है, पर इसे आज तक लागू नहीं किया गया|
भारतीय थलसेना की स्थापना सन् १९४७ में भारत को स्वतंत्रता मिलने के तुंरत बाद हुई थी| ब्रिटिश राज के समय की अधिकतर रेजीमेंटों को यथावत रहने दिया गया| संयुक्त राष्ट्र की शान्ति सेनाओं के सदस्य के तौर पर भारतीय थलसेना ने विश्व के अधिकतर युद्ध एवं संघर्ष प्रभावित क्षेत्रों में उत्कृष्ट योगदान दिया है| इसे देश की भौगोलिक विभिन्नताओं के चलते अलग- अलग भौगोलिक क्षेत्रों में युद्ध का बहुमूल्य अनुभव है| दलबीर सिंह सुहाग थलसेना के वर्त्तमान प्रमुख हैं| भारतीय थलसेना में फील्ड मार्शल का पद उच्चतम माना जाता है| यह एक मानद पद है जो की केन्द्र सरकार की अनुशंसा पर राष्ट्रपति द्वारा प्रदान किया जाता है, परन्तु केवल विशिष्ट परिस्थितियों में ही इसकी अनुशंसा की जाती है भारतीय सेना के छः दशकों के इतिहास में मात्र दो अधिकारीयों को ही फील्ड मार्शल का पद सौंपा गया है|
उद्देश्य
भारतीय सेना के सिद्धांत के रूप में भारतीय सेना की भूमिका की परिभाषा - " भारतीय सेना भारतीय सशस्त्र बल का मुख्य घटक है जो कि भारत के संविधान के आदर्शों को बनाए रखने के लिए मौजूद हैं" ये राष्ट्रीय शक्ति का एक प्रमुख घटक है और भारतीय नौसेना और भारतीय वायु सेना के साथ के रूप में कार्य करता है।भारतीय सेना की भूमिका इस प्रकार है :
- प्राथमिक भूमिका : किसी भी बाहरी खतरों के विरुद्ध शक्ति संतुलन के द्वारा या युद्ध छेड़ने के द्वारा संरक्षित राष्ट्रीय हितों, संप्रभुता की रक्षा, क्षेत्रीय अखंडता और भारत की एकता की रक्षा करना।
- माध्यमिक भूमिका : सरकारी तन्त्र को छाया युद्ध और आन्तरिक खतरों में मदद करना और आवश्यकता पड़ने पर नागरिक अधिकारों में सहायता करना।
-
इतिहास
मुख्य लेख : भारत का सैन्य इतिहास१९४७ में आजा़दी मिलने के बाद ब्रिटिश भारतीय सेना को नये बने राष्ट्र भारत गणराज् और इस्लामी गणराज्य पाकिस्तान की सेवा करने के लिये २ भागों में बांट दिया गया। ज्यादातर इकाइयों को भारत के पास रखा गया। चार गोरखा़ सैन्य दल को ब्रिटिश सेना में स्थानांतरित किया गया जबकि शेष को भारत के लिए भेजा गया।
जैसा कि भारतीय सेना में ब्रिटिश भारतीय सेना से व्युत्पन्न हुयी है तो इसकी संरचना, वर्दी और परंपराओ को अनिवार्य रूप से विरासत में ब्रिटिश से लिया गया हैं|
प्रथम कश्मीर युद्ध (१९४७)
मुख्य लेख : भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध (१९४७)आजादी के लगभग तुरंत बाद से ही भारत और पाकिस्तान के बीच तनाव पैदा हो गया था और दोनों देशों के बीच पहले तीन पूर्ण पैमाने पर हुये युद्ध के बाद राजसी राज्य कश्मीर का विभाजन कर दिया गय। कश्मीर के महाराजा की भारत या पाकिस्तान मे से किसी भी राष्ट्र कि साथ विलय की अनिच्छा कि बाद पाकिस्तान द्वारा कश्मीर के कुछ हिस्सों मे आदिवासी आक्रमण प्रायोजित करवाया गया। भारत द्वारा आरोपित पुरुषों को भी नियमित रूप से पाकिस्तान की सेना मे शामिल किया गया। जल्द ही पाकिस्तान ने अपने दलों को सभी राज्यों को अपने में संलग्न करने के लिये भेजा। महाराजा हरी सिहं ने भारत और लॉर्ड माउंटबेटन से अपनी मदद करने की याचना की पर उनको कहा गया की भारत के पास उनकी मदद करने के लिये कोई कारण नही है। इस पर उन्होने कश्मीर के विलय के एकतरफा सन्धिपत्र पर हस्ताक्षर किये जिसका निर्णय ब्रिटिश सरकार द्वारा लिया गया पर पाकिस्तान को यह सन्धि कभी भी स्वीकार नहीं हुई। इस सन्धि के तुरन्त बाद ही भारतीय सेना को आक्रमणकारीयों से मुकाबला करने के लिये श्रीनगर भेजा गया। इस दल में जनरल थिम्मैया भी शामिल थे जिन्होने इस कार्यवाही में काफी प्रसिद्धी हासिल की और बाद में भारतीय सेना के प्रमुख बने। पूरे राज्य में एक गहन युद्ध छिड़ गया और पुराने साथी आपस मे लड़ रहे थे। दोनो पक्षों मे कुछ को राज्यवार बढत मिली तो साथ ही साथ महत्वपूर्ण नुकसान भी हुआ। १९४८ के अन्त में नियन्त्रण रेखा पर लड़ रहे सैनिकों में असहज शान्ती हो गई जिसको संयुक्त राष्ट्र द्वारा भारत और पाकिस्तान में विभाजित कर दिया गया। पाकिस्तान और भारत के मध्य कश्मीर में उत्पन्न हुआ तनाव कभी भी पूर्ण रूप से समाप्त नहीं हुआ है।
संयुक्त राष्ट्र शान्ति सेना में योगदान
वर्तमान में भारतीय सेना की एक टुकड़ी संयुक्त राष्ट्र की सहायता के लिये समर्पित रहती है। भारतीय सेना द्वारा निरंतर कठिन कार्यों में भाग लेने की प्रतिबद्धताओं की हमेशा प्रशंशा की गई है। भारतीय सेना ने संयुक्त राष्ट्र के कई शांती स्थापित करने की कार्यवाहियों में भाग लिया गया है जिनमें से कुछ इस प्रकार हैं: अंगोला कम्बोडिया साइप्रस लोकतांत्रिक गणराज्य कांगो, अल साल्वाडोर, नामीबिया, लेबनान, लाइबेरिया, मोजाम्बिक, रवाण्डा, सोमालिया, श्रीलंका और वियतनाम| भारतीय सेना ने कोरिया में हुयी लड़ाई के दौरान घायलों और बीमारों को सुरक्षित लाने के लिये भी अपनी अर्द्ध-सैनिकों की इकाई प्रदान की थी।
कोरिया में सितंबर १९५३ में तटस्थ बफर जोन के साथ शांति स्थापित करने के लिए भारतीय सेना के आगमन पर
हैदराबाद का विलय (१९४८)
मुख्य लेख : ऑपरेशन पोलोभारत के विभाजन के उपरान्त राजसी राज्य हैदराबाद जो की निजा़म द्वारा साशित था ने स्वतन्त्र राज्य के तौर रहना पसन्द किया। निजा़म ने हैदराबाद को भारत में मिलाने पर अपनी आपत्ती दर्ज करवाई। भारत सरकार और हैदराबाद के निजा़म के बीच पैदा हुई अनिर्णायक स्थिती को समाप्त करने हेतु भारत के उप-प्रधानमन्त्री सरदार बल्लभ भाई पटेल द्वारा १२ सितम्बर १९४८ को भारतीय टुकड़ियों को हैदराबाद की सुरक्षा करने का आदेश दिया। ५ दिनों की गहन लड़ाई के बाद वायू सेना के समर्थन से भारतीय सेना ने हैदराबाद की सेना को परास्त कर दिया। उसी दिन हैदराबाद को भारत गणराज्य का भाग घोषित कर दिया गया। पोलो कार्यवाही के अगुआ मेजर जनरल जॉयन्तो नाथ चौधरी को कानून व्यवस्था स्थापित करने के लिये हैदराबाद का सैन्य शाशक (१९४८-१९४९) घोषित किया गया।
गोवा, दमन और दीव का विलय (१९६१)
- इन्हें भी देखें: गोवा मुक्ति संग्राम
भारत-चीन युद्ध (१९६२)
मुख्य लेख : भारत-चीन युद्ध१९५९ से भारत प्रगत निति का पालन कर रहा है। 'प्रगत निति' के अंतर्गत भारतीय गश्त दलों ने चीन द्वारा भारतीय सीमा के काफी अन्दर तक हथियाई गई चौकियों पर हमला बोल कर उन्हें फिर कब्ज़े में लिया। भारत के मैक-महोन रेखा को ही अंतरराष्ट्रीय सीमा मान लिए जाने पर जोर डालने के कारण भारत और चीन की सेनाओं के बीच छोटे स्तर पर संघर्ष छिड़ गया। बहरहाल, भारत और चीन के बीच मैत्रीपूर्ण संबंधों के कारण विवाद ने अधिक तूल नहीं पकड़ा.
Buoyed by the success of its military operations in Hyderabad and Goa, India took a more aggressive stance towards its border disputes with China. In 1962, the Indian Army was ordered to move to the Thagla ridge located near the border between Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh and about three miles (5 km) north of the disputed McMahon Line. Meanwhile, Chinese troops too had made incursions into Indian-held territory and tensions between the two reached a new high when Indian forces discovered a road constructed by China in Aksai Chin. After a series of failed negotiations, People's Liberation Army attacked Indian Army positions at the Thagla ridge. This move by China caught India by surprise and by October 12, Nehru gave orders for the Chinese to be expelled from Aksai Chin. However, poor coordination among various divisions of the Indian Army and the late decision to mobilize the Indian Air Force in vast numbers gave China a crucial tactical and strategic advantage over India. On October 20, Chinese soldiers attacked India in both the North-West and North-Eastern parts of the border and captured vast portions of Aksai Chin and Arunachal Pradesh.
As the fighting moved beyond disputed territories, China called on the Indian government to negotiate, however India remained determined to regain lost territory. With no peaceful agreement in sight, China unilaterally withdrew its forces from Arunachal Pradesh. The reasons for the withdrawal are disputed with India claiming various logistical problems for China and diplomatic support from the United States while China stated that it still held territory that it had staked diplomatic claim upon. The dividing line between the Indian and Chinese forces was christened as the Line of Actual Control.
The poor decisions made by India's military commanders raised several questions. The Henderson-Brooks committee was soon set up by the Government of India to determine the causes of the poor performance of the Indian Army. The report of committee apparently faulted much of the command of Indian Armed Forces and severely criticized the executive government for its failures on several fronts. The committee found that the major reason for the defeat was low deployment of troops on India's border with China even after hostilities began and also criticized the decision to not allow the Indian Air Force to target Chinese transport lines out of fear of Chinese aerial counter-attack on Indian civilian areas. Much of the blame was also targeted at the incompetence of then Defense Minister, Krishna Menon. Despite frequent calls for its release, the Henderson-Brooks report still remains classified.
द्वितीय कश्मीर युद्ध (१९६५)
मुख्य लेख : १९६५ का भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्धA second confrontation with Pakistan took place in 1965, largely over Kashmir. Pakistani President Ayub Khan launched Operation Gibraltar in August 1965 during which several Pakistani paramilitary troops infiltrated into Indian-administered Kashmir and tried to spark an anti-India rebellion. Pakistani leaders believed that India, which was still recovering from the disastrous Sino-Indian War, would be unable to deal with a military thrust and rebellion. However, the operation was a major failure since the Kashmiri people showed little support for such a rebellion and India quickly moved forces to drive the infiltrators out. Within a fortnight of the launch of the Indian counter-attack, most of the infiltrators had retreated back to Pakistan.
Tanks of 18th Cavalry of the Indian Army take charge at Pakistani positions during the 1965 war.
Battered by the failure of Operation Gibraltar and expecting a major invasion by Indian forces across the border, Pakistan launched Operation Grand Slam on September 1, invading India's Chamb-Jaurian sector. In retaliation, the Indian Army's 15th Infantry Division crossed the international border on the Western Front on September 6.
Initially, the Indian Army met with considerable success in the northern sector. After launching prolonged artillery barrages against Pakistan, India was able to capture three important mountain positions in Kashmir. By September 9, the Indian Army had made considerable in-roads into Pakistan. India had its largest haul of Pakistani tanks when the offensive of Pakistan's 1 Armoured Division was blunted at the Battle of Asal Uttar on September 10th. Six Pakistani Armoured Regiments took part in the battle, namely the 19 Lancers (Patton), 12 Cavalry (Chafee), 24 Cavalry (Patton) 4 Cavalry (Patton), 5 Horse (Patton) and 6 Lancers (Patton). These were opposed by three Indian Armoured Regiments with inferior tanks, Deccan Horse (Sherman), 3 Cavalry (Centurion) and 8 Cavalry (AMX). The battle was so fierce and intense that by the time it had ended, the 4th Indian Division had captured about 97 Pakistani tanks in either destroyed, or damaged, or in intact condition. This included 72 Patton tanks and 25 Chafees and Shermans. 32 of the 97 tanks, including 28 Pattons, were in running condition. The Indians lost 32 tanks at Khem Karan. Roughly about fifteen of them were captured by the Pakistan Army, mostly Sherman tanks. By the end of the war, it was estimated that more than 100 Pakistani tanks were destroyed and an additional 150 were captured by India. Indian Army lost 128 tanks during the conflict. Of these, about 40 tanks, most of them vintage AMX-13s and Shermans, fell into Pakistani hands during the battles near Chamb and Khem Karan.
By September 23, Indian army suffered 3,000 battlefield deaths, while Pakistan suffered no less than 3,800. The Soviet Union had brokered a peace deal between the two countries and after formal negotiations were held in Tashkent, a ceasefire was declared on September 23. Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri and Ayub Khan agreed to withdraw to virtually all pre-war positions. Hours after signing the deal, Lal Bahadur Shastri died in mysterious circumstances in Tashkent giving air to various conspiracy theories. The decision to return back to pre-war positions caused an outcry among the polity in New Delhi as India was clearly in an advantageous position at the end of the war. According to one independent analyst, continuation of the war would have led further losses and ultimately defeat for Pakistan.[3]
बांग्लादेश मुक्ति युद्ध (१९७१)
मुख्य लेख : 1971 का भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्धAn independence movement broke out in East Pakistan which was brutally crushed by Pakistani forces. Due to large-scale atrocities against them, thousands of Bengalis took refuge in neighboring India causing a major refugee crisis there. In early 1971, India declared its full-support for the Bengali rebels, known as Mukti Bahini, and Indian agents were extensively involved in covert operations to aid them.
On November 20, 1971, Indian Army moved the 14 Punjab Battalion and 45 Cavalry into Garibpur, a strategically important town near India's border with East Pakistan, and successfully captured it. The following day, more clashes took place between Indian and Pakistani forces. Wary of India's growing involvement in the Bengali rebellion, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) launched a pre-emptive strike on Indian military positions near its border with East Pakistan on December 3. The aerial operation, however, failed to accomplish its stated objectives and caused India to declare a full-scale war against Pakistan the same day. By midnight, the Indian Army, accompanied by Indian Air Force, launched major military thrust into East Pakistan. The Indian Army won several battles on the eastern front including the decisive of Battle of Hilli.चित्र:Basantar2.jpgIndian Army personnel celebrate Indian victory at the end Battle of Basantar on top of a knocked out Pakistani Patton tank.
Pakistan launched a counter-attack against India on the western front. On December 4, 1971, the A company of the 23rd Battalion of Punjab Regiment detected and intercepted the movement of the 51st Infantry Division of the Pakistani army near Ramgarh, Rajasthan. The battle of Longewala ensued during which the A company, though outnumbered, fought heroically and thwarted the Pakistani advance until the Indian Air Force directed its fighters to engage the Pakistani tanks. By the time the battle ended, 34 Pakistani tanks and 50 APCS were either destroyed or abandoned. About 200 Pakistani troops were killed in action during the battle while only 2 Indian soldiers lost their lives. From December 4th to 16th, the Indian Army fought and won the battle of Basantar by the end of which 66 Pakistani tanks were destroyed and 40 more were captured. In return, Pakistani forces were able to destroy only 11 Indian tanks. By December 16th, Pakistan had lost sizable territory on both eastern and western fronts.
Under the command of Lt. General J.S Aurora, the three corps of the Indian Army who had invaded East Pakistan entered Dhaka and forced Pakistani forces to surrender on 16th December, 1971. After Pakistan's Lt. General A.A.K. Niazi signed the Instrument of Surrender, India took more than 90,000 Pakistani prisoners of war (38,000 armed forces personnel and 52,000 militia and bureaucrats of West Pakistani origin).
In 1972, the Simla Agreement was signed between the two countries and tensions simmered. However, there were occasional spurts in diplomatic tensions which culminated into increased military vigilance on both sides.
- इन्हें भी देखें: Battle of Longewala, Battle of Hilli, एवं Battle of Basantar
सियाचिन विवाद (1984-)
मुख्य लेख : सियाचिन विवादThe Siachen Glacier, though a part of the Kashmir region, is not officially demarcated. As a consequence, prior to the 1980s, neither India nor Pakistan maintained permanent military presence in the region. However, Pakistan started hosting a series of mountaineering expeditions to the glacier during the 1950s. By early 1980s, the government of Pakistan was granting special expedition permits to mountaineers and United States Army maps deliberately showed Siachen as a part of Pakistan. This practice gave rise to the contemporary meaning of the term oropolitics.चित्र:Mi-8 Indian Army.jpgThe Mi-8 of the Indian Army takes part in a military exercise. The Mi-8 was used extensively to airlift Indian troops during Operation Meghdoot.
An irked India launched Operation Meghdoot in April 1984 during which the entire Kumaon Regiment of the Indian Army was airlifted to the glacier. Pakistani forces responded quickly and clashes between the two followed. Indian Army secured the strategic Sia La and Bilafond La mountain passes and by 1985, more than 1000 sq. miles of territory, claimed by Pakistan, was under Indian control.[4] The Indian Army continues to control more than 2/3rd of the glacier.[5] Pakistan made several unsuccessful attempts to regain control over Siachen. In late 1987, Pakistan mobilized about 8,000 troops and garrisoned them near Khapalu, aiming to capture Bilafond La. However, they were thrown back after engaging the Indian Army personnel guarding Bilafond. Further attempts to reclaim positions were launched by Pakistan in 1990, 1995, 1996 and 1999.
India continues to maintain a strong military presence in the region despite extremely inhospitable conditions and the conflict over Siachen is regularly cited as an example of mountain warfare.[6] Maintaining control over Siachen poses several logistical challenges for the Indian Army. Several infrastructure projects were constructed in the region, including a helipad 21,000 feet (6,400 m) above the sea level.[7] In 2004, Indian Army was spending an estimated US$2 million a day to support its personnel stationed in the region.[8]
उपद्रव-रोधी गतिविधियाँ
The Indian Army has played a crucial role in the past, fighting insurgents and terrorists within the nation. The army launched Operation Bluestar and Operation Woodrose in the 1980s to combat Sikh insurgents. The army, along with some paramilitary forces, has the prime responsibility of maintaining law and order in the troubled Jammu and Kashmir region. The Indian Army also sent a contingent to Sri Lanka in 1987 as a part of the Indian Peace Keeping Force.
कारगिल संघर्ष (1999)
मुख्य लेख : कारगिल युद्धIn 1998, India carried out nuclear tests and a few days later, Pakistan responded by more nuclear tests giving both countries nuclear deterrence capability. Diplomatic tensions eased after the Lahore Summit was held in 1999. The sense of optimism was short-lived, however, since in mid-1999 Pakistani paramilitary forces and Kashmiri insurgents captured deserted, but strategic, Himalayan heights in the Kargil district of India. These had been vacated by the Indian army during the onset of the inhospitable winter and were supposed to reoccupied in spring. The mujahideen who took control of these areas received important support, both in the form of arms and supplies, from Pakistan. Some of the heights under their control, which also included the Tiger Hill, overlooked the vital Srinagar-Leh Highway (NH 1A), Batalik and Dras.
Once the scale of the Pakistani incursion was realized, the Indian Army quickly mobilized about 200,000 troops and Operation Vijay was launched. However, since the heights were under Pakistani control, India was in a clear strategic disadvantage. From their observation posts, the Pakistani forces had a clear line of sight to lay down indirect artillery fire on NH 1A, inflicting heavy casualties on the Indians.[9] This was a serious problem for the Indian Army as the highway was its main logistical and supply route.[10] Thus, the Indian Army's first priority was to recapture peaks that were in the immediate vicinity of NH1a. This resulted in Indian troops first targeting the Tiger Hill and Tololing complex in Dras.[11] This was soon followed by more attacks on the Batalik-Turtok sub-sector which provided access to Siachen Glacier. Point 4590, which had the nearest view of the NH1a, was successfully recaptured by Indian forces on on June 14.[12]चित्र:IndianArmyKargil.jpgArmy trucks carry supplies for Indian troops fighting in Kargil in summer 1999.
Though most of the posts in the vicinity of the highway were cleared by mid-June, some parts of the highway near Drass witnessed sporadic shelling until the end of the war. Once NH1a area was cleared, the Indian Army turned to driving the invading force back across the Line of Control. The Battle of Tololing, among other assaults, slowly tilted the combat in India's favor. Nevertheless, some of the posts put up a stiff resistance, including Tiger Hill (Point 5140) that fell only later in the war. As the operation was fully underway, about 250 artillery guns were brought in to clear the infiltrators in the posts that were in the line of sight. In many vital points, neither artillery nor air power could dislodge the outposts manned by the Pakistan soldiers, who were out of visible range. The Indian Army mounted some direct frontal ground assaults which were slow and took a heavy toll given the steep ascent that had to be made on peaks as high as 18,000 feet (5,500 m). Two months into the conflict, Indian troops had slowly retaken most of the ridges they had lost;[13][14] according to official count, an estimated 75%–80% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control.
As Pakistan found itself entwined in a prickly position, the army had covertly planned a nuclear strike on India, the news of which alarmed U.S. President Bill Clinton, resulting in a stern warning to Nawaz Sharif.[15] Following the Washington accord on July 4, where Sharif agreed to withdraw Pakistani troops, most of the fighting came to a gradual halt, but some Pakistani forces remained in positions on the Indian side of the LOC. In addition, the United Jihad Council (an umbrella for all extremist groups) rejected Pakistan's plan for a climb-down, instead deciding to fight on.[16] The Indian army launched its final attacks in the last week of July; as soon as the Drass subsector had been cleared of Pakistani forces, the fighting ceased on July 26. The day has since been marked as Kargil Vijay Diwas (Kargil Victory Day) in India. By the end of the war, India had resumed control of all territory south and east of the Line of Control, as was established in July 1972 as per the Shimla Accord.
प्रमुख युद्धाभ्यास
चित्र:IAexercise.jpgIndian Army T-90 tanks take part during an exercise in the Thar Desert.ऑपरेशन पराक्रम
मुख्य लेख : 2001-2002 India-Pakistan standoffAfter the December 13 2001 attack on the Indian Parliament, Operation Parakram was launched in which tens of thousands of Indian troops were deployed along the Indo-Pakistan border. India blamed Pakistan for backing the attack. The operation was the largest military exercise carried out by any Asian country. Its prime objective is still unclear but appears to have been to prepare the army for any future nuclear conflict with Pakistan, which seemed increasingly possible after the December attack on the Indian parliament.
ऑपरेशन संघ शक्ति
It has since been stated that the main goal of this exercise was to validate mobilisation strategies of the Ambala-based II Strike Corps. Air support was a part of this exercise, and an entire battalion of paratroops was paradropped during the conduct of the war games, with allied equipment. Some 20,000 soldiers took part in the exercise.
अश्वमेध युद्धाभ्यास
Indian Army tested its network centric warfare capabilities in the exercise Ashwamedha. The exercise was held in the Thar desert, in which over 30,000 troops participated.[17]. Asymmetric warfare capability was also tested by the Indian Army during the exercise.[18]
भारतीय थलसेना की संरचना
Initially, the army's main objective was to defend the nation's frontiers. However, over the years, the army has also taken up the responsibility of providing internal security, especially in insurgent-hit Kashmir and north-east.
The army has a strength of about a million troops and fields 34 divisions. Its headquarters is located in the Indian capital New Delhi and it is under the overall command of the Chief of Army Staff (COAS), currently General Dalbir Singh Suhag दलबीर सिंह सुहाग.
आदेशों (Commands)
The army operates 6 tactical commands . Each command is headed by General Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Lieutenant General. Each command is directly affiliated to the Army HQ in New Delhi. These commands are given below in their correct order of raising, location (city) and their commanders. Their is also one training command known as ARTRAC.
ईन्दिआCommand Command HQ GOC-in-C Southern Command Pune Lt Gen Noble Thamburaj Eastern Command Kolkata Lt. Gen. V K Singh Central Command Lucknow Lt Gen. H.S. Panag,PVSM,AVSM*,ADC Western Command Chandimandir (Chandigarh) Lt. Gen. TK Sapru Northern Command Udhampur Lt. Gen. P C Bhardwaj South Western Command Jaipur Lt. Gen. C.K.S. Sabu
कॉर्प (Corps)
व्यूह-रचना (Field formation)
A Corps is an army field formation responsible for a sector within a Command. There are 3 types of Corps in the Indian Army: Strike, Holding & Mixed. A Command generally consists of 2 or more Corps. A corps has Army Divisions under its command. The Corps HQ is the highest field formation in the army.
Corps Head Quarter Command General Officer Commanding (GOC) Divisions[19] 1 Corps Mathura, Uttar Pradesh Central Command Lt. Gen. P.C. Katoch 4 Inf Div (Allahabad), 6 Mtn Div (Bareilly), 33 Armd Div (Hisar) 2 Corps Ambala, Haryana Western Command Lt. Gen. JP Singh, AVSM 1 Armd Div (Ambala), 14 RAPID (Dehradun), 22 Inf Div (Meerut) 3 Corps Rangapahar (Dimapur), Nagaland Eastern Command Lt. Gen. Rakesh Kumar Loomba 23 Inf Div (Ranchi), 57 Mtn Div (Leihmakong) 4 Corps Tezpur, Assam Eastern Command Lt. Gen. R K Chhabra 2 Mtn Div (Dibrugarh), 5 Mtn Div (Bomdila), 21 Mtn Div (Rangia) 9 Corps Yol, Himachal Pradesh Western Command Lt. Gen. P K Rampal 26 Inf Div (Jammu), 29 Inf Div (Pathankot), 2,3,16 Ind Armd Bdes 10 Corps Bhatinda, Punjab Western Command Lt. Gen. 16 Inf Div (Sri Ganganagar), 18 RAPID (Kota), 24 RAPID (Bikaner), 6 Ind Armd Bde 11 Corps Jalandhar, Punjab Western Command Lt. Gen. Shreedharan Shyam Kumar, SM, VSM 7 Inf Div (Firozpur), 9 Inf Div (Meerut), 15 Inf Div (Amritsar), 23 Armd Bde, 55 Mech Bde 12 Corps Jodhpur, Rajasthan South Western Command 4 Armd Bde, 340 Mech Bde, 11 Inf Div (Ahmedabad), 12 Inf Division (Jodhpur) 14 Corps Leh, Ladakh Northern Command Lt. Gen. Jayanta Kumar Mohanty UYSM, SM, VSM 3 Inf Div (Leh), 8 Mtn Div (Dras),[20] artillery brigade 15 Corps Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir Northern Command Lt. Gen. Mukesh Sabharwal 19 Inf Div (Baramulla), 28 Inf Div (Gurez, Bandipora District), artillery brigade 16 Corps Nagrota, Jammu & Kashmir Northern Command Lt Gen RK Karwal 10 Inf Div (Akhnoor),[21] 25 Inf Div (Rajauri), 39 Inf Div (Yol), artillery brigade, armoured brigade? 21 Corps(ex IPKF) Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh Southern Command Lt. Gen. 31 Armd Div (Jhansi), 36 RAPID (Sagar), 54 Inf Div (Sikandrabad), arty, AD, eng bdes 33 Corps Siliguri, West Bengal Eastern Command Lt Gen PK Rath 17 Mtn Div (Gangtok), 20 Mtn Div (Binnaguri, Jalpaiguri district), 27 Mtn Div (Kalimpong), arty bde
रेजिमेंट संगठन
In addition to this (not to be confused with the Field Corps mentioned above) are the Regiments or Corps or departments of the Indian Army. The corps mentioned below are the functional divisions entrusted with specific pan-Army tasks.
साँचा:Indian Army Arms and ServicesArms - Indian Infantry Regiments
- Armoured Corps Regiments - The Armoured Corps School and Centre is at Ahmednagar.
- Regiment of Artillery - The School of Artillery is at Devlali near Nasik.
- Corps of Engineers - The College of Military Engineering is at Dapodi, Pune. The Centers are located as follows- Madras Engineer Group at Bangalore, Bengal Engineer Group at Roorkee and Bombay Engineer Group at Khadki, Pune.
- Corps of Army Air Defence-Center at Gopalpur in Orissa State.
- Mechanised Infantry - Regimental Center at Ahmednagar.
- Corps of Signals
- Army Aviation Corps
- Army Dental Corps
- Army Education Corps - Center at Pachmarhi.
- Army Medical Corps - Center at Lucknow.
- Army Ordnance Corps - Centers at Jabalpur andSecunderabad.
- Army Postal Service Corps
- Army Service Corps - Center at Bangalore
- Corps of Electrical and Mechanical Engineers- Centers at Bhopal and Secunderabad .
- Corps of Military Police [2] - Center at Bangalore
- Intelligence Corps - Center at Pune.
- Judge Advocate General's Deptt. - Institute of Military Law kamptee,Nagpur.
- Military Farms Service
- Military Nursing Service
- Remount and Veterinary Corps
- Pioneer Corps
अन्य सैन्य व्यूह (Other Field Formations)
A section of the Indian Army takes charge during a military exercise.-
- Division: An Army Division is an intermediate between a Corps and a Brigade. It is the largest striking force in the army. Each Division is headed by [General Officer Commanding] (GOC) in the rank of Major General. It usually consists of 15,000 combat troops and 8,000 support elements. Currently, the Indian Army has 34 Divisions including 4 Rapid (Re-organised Army Plains Infantry Divisions) Action Divisions, 18 Infantry Divisions, 10 Mountain Divisions, 3 Armoured Divisions and 2 Artillery Divisions. Each Division composes of several Brigades.
- Brigade: The Brigade is smaller than the Division and generally consists of 3 Infantry Battalions along with elements of various Combat & Support Arms & Services. It is headed by a Brigadier equivalent to a Brigadier General. The Indian Army also has 5 Independent Armoured Brigades, 15 Independent Artillery Brigades, 7 Independent Infantry Brigades, 1 Independent Parachute Brigade,3 Independent Air Defence Brigades, 2 Independent Air Defence Groups and 4 Independent Engineer Brigades. These Independent Brigades operate directly under the Corps Commander (GOC Corps).
- Battalion: A Battalion is commanded by a Colonel and is the Infantry's main fighting unit. It consists of more than 900 personnel.
- Company: Headed by the Major, a Company comprises 120 soldiers.
- Platoon: An intermediate between a Company and Section, a Platoon is headed by a Lieutenant or depending on the availability of Commissioned Officers, a Junior Commissioned Officer, with the rank of Subedar or Naib-Subedar. It has a total strength of about 32 troops.
- Section: Smallest military outfit with a strength of 10 personnel. Commanded by a Non-commissioned officer of the rank of Havildar or Sergeant.
मुख्य लेख : List of regiments of the Indian Army
Soldiers of the Sikh Light Infantry.पैदल सेना रेजिमेंट (Infantry Regiments)
There are several battalions or units under the same formation in a Regiment. The Gurkha Regiment, for instance, has several battalions. All formations under a Regiment are battalions of the same arms or Corps (i.e., Infantry or Engineers). Regiments are not exactly field formations; they mostly do not make a formation. All Regiments of the Gurkha's for instance would not fight together as one formation, but can be dispersed over various Brigades or Corps or even Commands.
अधिक जानकारी के लिए देखें: List of regiments of the Indian Armyचित्र:Artillery Insignia.gifArtillery Insigniaतोपखाना रेजिमेंट (Artillery Regiments)
तोपखाना सेना के विध्वंसक शक्ति का मुख्य अंग है | भारत में प्राचीन ग्रंथों में तोपखाने का वर्णन मिलता है | तोप को संस्कृत में शतघ्नी कहा जाता है | मध्य कालीन इतिहास में तोप का प्रयोग सर्वप्रथम बाबर ने पानीपत के प्रथम युद्ध में सन १५२६ ई० में किया था| कुछ नवीन प्रमाणों से यहाँ प्रतीत होता है के तोप का प्रयोग बहमनी राजाओं ने १३६८ में अदोनी के युद्ध में तथा गुजरात के शासक मोहमद शाह ने १५ वीं शताब्दी में किया था |भरत मे तोप खाना के दोउ केन्द्र है ह्य्द्रबद और नसिक रोअद
थलसेना का कार्यबल
क्षमता
विदेशी राष्ट्राध्यक्ष की राजकीय यात्रा में घुडसवार राष्ट्रपति अंगरक्षक.
* 300,000 प्रथम पंक्ति ओर 500,000 द्वितीय पंक्ति के योद्धा सम्मिलित हैंभारतीय थल सेना सम्बंधित आंकड़े कार्यरत सैनिक 1,300,000 आरक्षित सैनिक 1,200,000 प्रादेशिक सेना 200,000** मुख्य युद्धक टैंक 4500 तोपखाना 12,800 प्रक्षेपास्त्र 100 (अग्नि-1, अग्नि-2) क्रूज प्रक्षेपास्त्र ब्रह्मोस वायुयान 10 स्क्वाड्रन हेलिकॉप्टर सतह से वायु प्रक्षेपास्त्र 90000
** 40,000 प्रथम पंक्ति ओर 160,000 द्वितीय पंक्ति के योद्धा सम्मिलित हैं
आंकड़े
Soldiers from the 4th Rajput Infantry Battalion of the Indian Army during a training mission. - 4 RAPID (Reorganised Army Plains Infantry Divisions)
- 18 Infantry Divisions
- 10 Mountain Divisions
- 3 Armoured Divisions
- 2 Artillery Divisions
- 13 Air Defence Brigades + 2 Surface-to-Air Missile Groups
- 5 Independent Armoured Brigades
- 15 Independent Artillery Brigades
- 7 Independent Infantry Brigades
- 1 Parachute Brigade
- 4 Engineer Brigades
- 14 Army Aviation Helicopter Units
उप-इकाइयाँ
- 63 Tank Regiments
- 7 Airborne Battalions
- 200 Artillery Regiments
- 360 Infantry Battalions + 5 Para (SF) Battalions
- 40 Mechanised Infantry Battalions
- 20 Combat Helicopter Units
- 52 Air Defence Regiments
पदानुक्रम संरचना
The 1st Battalion of 1 Gorkha Rifles of the Indian Army take position outside a simulated combat town during a training exercise.
कमीशन प्राप्त अधिकारी
- फ़ील्ड मार्शल1
- जनरल (यह थलसेना अध्यक्ष का पद है)
- लेफ्टिनेंट-जनरल
- मेजर-जनरल
- ब्रिगेडियर
- कर्नल
- लेफ्टिनेंट-कर्नल
- मेजर
- CAPTAIN
- लेफ्टिनेंट
- सेकंड लेफ्टिनेंट2
- सूबेदार मेजर /मानद कप्तान3
- सूबेदार /मानद लेफ्टिनेंट3
- सूबेदार मेजर
- सूबेदार
- नायब सूबेदार
- रेजीमेंट हवलदार मेजर2
- रेजीमेंट क्वार्टरमास्टर हवलदार मेजर2
- कंपनी हवलदार मेजर
- कंपनी क्वार्टरमास्टर हवलदार मेजर
- हवलदार
- नायक
- लांसनायक
- सिपाही
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