1 LIQUID
PENETRANT TESTING (PT)
1.1 Liquid
Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1)
1.1.1 Liquid
Penetrant Testing Level 1 (PT-1) General Examination
1. Liquid penetrant testing is
based on the principle of:
(a) Polarized sound waves in a
liquid
(b) Magnetic domains
(c) Absorption of X rays
(d) Capillary action
2. When a small diameter tube is
placed in a glass of water, water rises in the tube to a
level above the adjacent surface.
This is called:
(a) Viscosity
(b) Capillary action
(c) Surface tension
(d) Barometric testing
3. How is the size of a liquid
penetrant indication usually related to the discontinuity it
represents:
(a) Larger than
(b) Smaller than
(c) Equal to
(d) Not related to
4. A penetrant that is
self-emulsifying is called:
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post-emulsified
(d) Dual sensitivity method
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5. A penetrant process which
employs an emulsifier as a separate step in the penetrant
removal process is called:
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post-emulsified
(d) Dual sensitivity method
6. A penetrant process in which
excess penetrant is removed with an organic solvent is
called:
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post-emulsified
(d) Dual method
7. Which of the following
statements accurately describes the capabilities of liquid
penetrant testing?
(a) Liquid penetrant testing is
useful for locating subsurface discontinuities in a
test piece
(b) Liquid penetrant testing is
useful for locating discontinuities in porous
materials
(c) Liquid penetrant testing is
useful for locating discontinuities which are open to
the surface in non-porous
materials
(d) none of the above
8. Which of the following
discontinuity types could typically be found with a liquid
penetrant test?
(a) Internal slag in a weld
(b) Internal slag in a casting
(c) Sensitization in austenitic
stainless steel
(d) Fatigue cracks
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9. Which of the following
chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid
penetrant materials, when testing
stainless steel and titanium?
(a) Hydrogen
(b) Chlorine
(c) Carbon
(d) Oil
10. Which of the following
chemical elements are normally held to a minimum in liquid
penetrant materials when testing
nickel based alloys?
(a) Sulphur
(b) Oxygen
(c) Carbon
(d) Nitrogen
11. Which of the following is the
most desirable method of pre-cleaning a test piece prior
to penetrant testing?
(a) Sand blasting
(b) Vapour degreasing
(c) Emery cloth
(d) Wire brushing
12. Which of the following
pre-cleaning processes is not recommended?
(a) Detergent cleaning
(b) Vapour degreasing
(c) Shot blasting
(d) Ultrasonic cleaning
13. A wire brush should be used
for pre-cleaning:
(a) When grease and oil must be
removed
(b) Only as a last resort
(c) When rust is to be removed
(d) When grinding burrs must be
removed
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14. A hydrometer is used to
measure:
(a) Penetrant viscosity
(b) Specific gravity of water
based wet developers
(c) Penetrant specific gravity
(d) Cleaner specific gravity
15. Visible, solvent removable
penetrants are most advantageous for:
(a) Inspecting parts with rough
surfaces
(b) Inspecting batches of small
parts
(c) Inspecting parts at remote
locations
(d) Inspecting parts with porous
surfaces
16. For adequate test results,
the black light used in fluorescent penetrant examination
should provide what minimum black
light intensity at the test surface?
(a) 100 foot candles per square
centimetre
(b) 1000 microwatts per square
centimetre
(c) 800 foot candles
(d) 35 microwatts per square
centimetre
17. What minimum warm-up time is
required for acceptable performance of a mercury
Vapour arc black light?
(a) None
(b) 2 minutes
(c) 5 minutes
(d) 10 minutes
18. Which of the following
penetrants contains an emulsifying agent?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
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19. Which of the following
penetrants must be treated with an emulsifier prior to water
removal?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
20. What is the function of an
emulsifier?
(a) To remove the excess
penetrant
(b) To develop indications with a
post emulsifiable penetrant system
(c) To assist penetration with a
post emulsifiable penetrant system
(d) To make a post emulsifiable
penetrant water washable
21. An oil based emulsifier is
called:
(a) Hydrophilic
(b) Hydrophobic
(c) Lipophilic
(d) Fluoroscopic
22. A water based emulsifier is
called:
(a) Hydrophilic
(b) Hydrophobic
(c) Lipophilic
(d) Fluoroscopic
23. Methylene chloride, isopropyl,
alcohol, naptha and mineral spirits are examples of:
(a) Emulsifiers
(b) Developers
(c) Solvent removers
(d) None of the above
6
24. What type of solvent removers
may be used with a solvent removable penetrant?
(a) Any organic solvent
(b) Only the cleaner recommended
by the manufacturer of the penetrant
(c) Any alcohol based solvents
(d) Only chlorinated hydrocarbons
25. Which of the following is a
prerequisite for a penetrant test?
(a) Developer must be applied in
a thin, even coat
(b) Any surface coatings or soils
must be completely removed
(c) All traces of penetrant
materials should be removed after testing is complete
(d) The test object must be
non-magnetic
26. Which of the following types
of pre-cleaning processes may be used for liquid
penetrant testing?
(a) Wire brushing only
(b) Detergent and water only
(c) Vapour degreasing only
(d) Any process that leaves the
part clean and dry, does not harm the part and is
compatible with the penetrant
materials
27. What is the likely result of
incomplete removal of all excess penetrant from the test
piece surface?
(a) Formation of false
indications
(b) Formation of relevant
indications
(c) Exaggeration of the size of
relevant indications
(d) None of the above
28. What is the preferred
pre-cleaning process for removal of oil and grease :
(a) Steam cleaning with a added
acid
(b) Vapour degreasing
(c) Steam cleaning
(d) Ultrasonic cleaning
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29. Which pre-cleaning method may
be used with either a solvent or a detergent solution?
(a) Ultrasonic cleaning
(b) Steam cleaning
(c) Detergent wash
(d) Vapour degreasing
30. What is the danger associated
with using a wire brush during pre-cleaning?
(a) Bristles from the wire brush
may cause false indications
(b) Contaminants from the wire
brush may cause delayed hydrogen cracking of
high carbon steels
(c) The wire brush may not
adequately remove organic soils
(d) The wire brush may close or
smear metal over
31. What is the preferred method
of removing paint prior to performing a penetrant
testing?
(a) Sand blast
(b) Chemical removers
(c) Power wire brush
(d) Shot blast
32. What additional surface
preparation or cleaning must be performed on a machined or
ground aluminium casting prior to
penetrant testing?
(a) Vapour degreasing
(b) Etching
(c) Detergent wash
(d) Nothing
33. Acceptable methods of
penetrant application are:
(a) Spraying
(b) Dipping
(c) Brushing
(d) All of the above
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34. The time period during which
penetrant remains on the surface of the test piece is
called:
(a) Dwell time
(b) Soaking time
(c) Fixing time
(d) Development time
35. Excess penetrant removal is a
two step process with which of the following penetrant
methods?
(a) Water washable
(b) Post emulsifiable
(c) Solvent removable
(d) Liquid oxygen applications
36. A developer aids penetrant
bleed out because of:
(a) Adequate removal of the
excess penetrant
(b) Providing a contrasting
background for visible dye indications
(c) Capillary action
(d) Proper emulsifier action
37. In the solvent removable
penetrant process, excess penetrant is removed with:
(a) A water spray
(b) A hydrophilic scrubber
(c) A solvent spray
(d) Clean, lint free towels
slightly moistened with solvent
38. Water based wet developer is
applied:
(a) Immediately before removal of
excess penetrant
(b) Immediately after removal of
excess penetrant
(c) After a drying period
following removal of excess penetrant
(d) For maximum sensitivity
results
9
39. Non-aqueous wet developer is
applied:
(a) Immediately before removal of
excess penetrant
(b) Immediately after removal of
excess penetrant
(c) After the excess penetrant is
removed and part surface is dried
(d) For maximum sensitivity
results
40. Dry developer is applied:
(a) Immediately before removal of
excess penetrant
(b) Immediately after removal of
excess penetrant
(c) After drying of the part
(d) For maximum sensitivity
results
41. Typical ranges of emulsifier
dwell times are:
(a) 5 to 10 minutes
(b) 30 seconds to 1 minute
(c) 1 to 3 minutes
(d) 5 to 10 minutes
42. Actual emulsification times
are determined by:
(a) Experiment, during technique
qualification
(b) Manufacturer's
recommendations
(c) Code requirements
(d) None of the above
43. The colour of fluorescent
penetrant under the presence of a UV light is:
(a) Yellow-green
(b) Red
(c) Blue
(d) Green
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44. What action is necessary if
the penetrant is inadvertently allowed to dry on the test
piece?
(a) Repeat the test, beginning
with the pre-cleaning operation
(b) Re-wet the penetrant, begin
dwell time again and continue
(c) Clean the penetrant off the
surface and develop normally
(d) Clean the penetrant off the
surface, wait 5 minutes and develop normally
45. What maximum water rinse
pressure is considered safe for removal of excess
penetrant in the water washable
penetrant process?
(a) As low a pressure as
possible, 50 PSI maximum
(b) to 200 PSI
(c) PSI maximum
(d) to 500 PSI
46. During the water rinse step
of the water washable penetrant process, what is the
desired angle of the spray to the
surface?
(a) Normal
(b) 30 degrees
(c) 45 degrees
(d) 75 degrees
47. Which type of emulsifier is
designed to be used as a ‘scrubber’?
(a) Hydrophilic
(b) Hydrophobic
(c) Lipophilic
(d) Fluoroscopic
48. Post cleaning is especially
important when:
(a) Post emulsified penetrants
are used
(b) Phosphate containing
detergents are used
(c) Chlorinated hydrocarbons are
used
(d) The test object will be used
in a liquid oxygen environment
11
49. When using a hydrophilic
emulsifier, the amount of penetrant removed is most
affected by:
(a) Solution strength and time of
spray
(b) Penetrant dwell time
(c) Emulsifier dwell time
(d) Adequacy of pre-clean
50. If a mercury vapour arc black
light is inadvertently turned off, how soon may it be
restarted?
(a) Immediately
(b) 5 minutes
(c) 10 minutes
(d) 15 minutes
51. Which of the following is
normally prohibited as a method of removing excess
penetrant when using the solvent
removable penetrant process?
(a) A water spray
(b) A hydrophilic scrubber
(c) A solvent spray
(d) Clean with lint free towels
moistened with solvent
52. When performing a fluorescent
penetrant examination, excess penetrant is normally
removed:
(a) By a hydrophilic scrubber
(b) Under UV light
(c) By solvent spray
(d) By vapour degreasing
53. During a visible, solvent
removable penetrant test, complete penetrant removal is
indicated by:
(a) Absence of red indications on
the test piece surface
(b) Clean rinse water
(c) Completion of the rinse cycle
(d) Absence of red dye on the
cleaning towels
12
54. Which of the following is a
function of a developer
(a) Providing a contrasting
background for visible dye indications
(b) Making the penetrant water
washable
(c) Penetrating into
discontinuities open to the surface
(d) Dissolve organic soils on the
test piece surface
55. Which of the following is a
function of a developer?
(a) Providing a contrasting
background for visible dye indications
(b) Accentuates presence of
discontinuities by causing a penetrant indication to
spread out over a larger area
(c) Provides capillary paths to
aid the bleed out process
(d) All of the above
56. Which of the following
developers is applied before the drying operation?
(a) Dry
(b) Non-aqueous wet
(c) Water based wet
(d) None of the above
57. The most sensitive type of developer
for the detection of fine discontinuities is:
(a) Water soluble
(b) Non-aqueous wet
(c) Dry
(d) Water suspendable
58. Which of the following is the
most sensitive developer in descending order?
(a) Dry, water soluble, water
suspendable
(b) Non-aqueous wet, water
soluble, water suspendable ,dry
(c) Non-aqueous wet, dry, water
soluble
(d) Water suspendable, water
soluble, non-aqueous wet
13
59. Low sulphur and chlorine
penetrant materials would be used for testing:
(a) Aluminium, steel and plastics
(b) Tool steels, chrome vanadium
steel and ferritic stainless steels
(c) Austenitic stainless steels,
nickel alloys and titanium
(d) Magnetic materials
60. Which type of developer may
be either in suspension or a solution?
(a) Dry
(b) Non-aqueous wet
(c) Water based wet
(d) None of the above
61. The temperature of water
rinse used in the water washable penetrant process should
be:
(a) 60 to 110oC
(b) 40 to 100oC
(c) 16 to 43oC
(d) 70 to 140oC
62. The danger of over washing
during a water washable penetrant test is that:
(a) Excess penetrant will be
removed from the test piece
(b) Penetrant will be removed
from discontinuities
(c) The waste water will contain
too high a concentration of penetrants
(d) A protective oxide coating on
the test piece is formed
63. Which penetrant process is
best suited to high production rates of many small parts?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
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64. Which penetrant process is
best suited to detect shallow discontinuities?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
65. Which penetrant process is
best suited to the detection of discontinuities in a test piece
having threads and keyways?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
66. Which penetrant process is
the most sensitive to detect fine discontinuities?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable fluorescent
(d) Water washable fluorescent
67. Which penetrant process is
best suited for portable application in the field?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
68. Which penetrant process
should be used if repeated examinations are anticipated?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
15
69. What is a disadvantage of
using the fluorescent penetrant process?
(a) Lower visibility of
indications
(b) Must be performed in a
darkened area with aid of a UV lamp
(c) Easily washed with water
(d) High visibility of
indications
70. Which of the following
developers is applied by brush, spraying or dipping?
(a) Non-aqueous wet
(b) Water based wet
(c) Dry
(d) Dual sensitivity
71. Which of the following
developers is applied by spray only?
(a) Non-aqueous wet
(b) Water based wet
(c) Dry
(d) Dual sensitivity
72. Which of the following
developers is applied by immersion or flow on only?
(a) Non-aqueous wet
(b) Water based wet
(c) Dry
(d) Dual sensitivity
73. What is the minimum time
considered necessary for dark adaptation of the eyes prior
to evaluating the results of a
fluorescent penetrant test?
(a) 1 minute
(b) 2 minutes
(c) 5 minutes
(d) 10 minutes
16
74. What is the likely result of
looking directly into a black light?
(a) Burning of the retina of the
eye
(b) Temporary inflammation of the
cornea
(c) Long term tendency toward
formation of cataracts
(d) Fluorescence of the fluid in
the eye
75. Which type of penetrant
process would be best suited to the detection of wide, shallow
discontinuities?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
76. Which type of penetrant
process affords most control of test sensitivity level?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
77. Which type of penetrant
process is least susceptible to over washing?
(a) Solvent removable
(b) Water washable
(c) Post emulsifiable
(d) Fluorescent
78. What is a disadvantage of the
solvent removable penetrant process?
(a) It is the least sensitive of
the penetrant processes
(b) It is not well suited for use
on rough surfaces
(c) It is highly portable
(d) No water is required for its
use
79. Which of the following is the
proper first step in removal of excess penetrant when
using the solvent removable
penetrant process?
(a) Immerse the test piece in
solvent
(b) Spray the test piece with
water
(c) Wipe the test piece surface
with clean, lint free towels slightly moistened
(d) All of the above is correct
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