ULTRASONIC
TESTING (UT)
Ultrasonic Testing Level 1 (UT-1) General Examination
1. The divergence of an
ultrasonic beam is dependant on:
(a) Transducer wavelength and
diameter
(b) Test specimen density
(c) The sound wave's angle of
incidence
(d) The degree of damping of the
ultrasonic transducer
2. When a longitudinal wave is
incident upon an inclined interface between zero degrees
and the first critical angle:
(a) The sound beam is totally
reflected
(b) Only shear waves are produced
in the second material
(c) Shear waves and longitudinal
waves are produced in the second material
(d) Only longitudinal waves are
produced in the second material
3. The piezoelectric material in
a search unit which vibrates to produce ultrasonic waves
is called:
(a) A backing material
(b) A lucite wedge
(c) A transducer element or
crystal
(d) A couplant
4. When a longitudinal wave is
incident upon an inclined interface and is refracted at
ninety degrees, the angle of the
incident longitudinal wave is called:
(a) The Snell constant
(b) The Snell angle
(c) The mode conversion constant
(d) The first critical angle
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5. When a longitudinal wave sound
beam passes through an acoustic interface at some
angle other than zero degrees:
(a) Surface waves are generated
(b) Plate waves are generated
(c) Reflection, refraction and
mode conversion will occur
(d) The first critical angle is
reached
6. Which of the following can be
a source of spurious ultrasonic signals?
(a) Surface roughness of the test
piece
(b) Mode conversion within the
test piece
(c) Shape or contour of the test
piece
(d) All of the above
7. A noisy base line, or hash may
result in:
(a) Laminations in the test piece
(b) Discontinuities at an angle
to the test piece surface
(c) Large grain size
(d) Fatigue cracks
8. Sound waves which travel on
the surface of a solid in a manner similar to waves on a
water surface are called:
(a) Rayleigh waves
(b) Shear waves
(c) Primary waves
(d) Compression waves
9. Lamb waves are formed in a part
which has:
(a) A thickness greater that
about ten wavelengths
(b) A thickness approximately
equal to the wavelength
(c) Low acoustic impedance
compared to the transducer crystal material
(d) A thickness of about four
wavelengths
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10. Which type(s) of sound wave
modes will propagate through liquids?
(a) Longitudinal
(b) Shear
(c) Surface
(d) All of the above
11. When the motion of the
particles of a medium is transverse to the direction of
propagation, the wave being
transmitted is called a:
(a) Longitudinal wave
(b) Shear wave
(c) Surface wave
(d) Lamb wave
12. Which of the following test
frequencies would generally provide the best penetration
in a 12 inch thick specimen of
coarse-grained steel?
(a) 1.0 MHz
(b) 2.25 MHz
(c) 5.0 MHz
(d) 10 MHz
13. An oscilloscope display in
which the screen base line is adjusted to represent the one
way distance in a test piece is
called a:
(a) A scan display
(b) B scan display
(c) C scan display
(d) D scan display
14. A common use of ultrasonic
testing is:
(a) Cleaning
(b) Detecting of sub-surface
indications
(c) Determination of the test
piece ductility
(d) Communications
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15. Sound waves of a frequency
beyond the hearing range of the human ear are referred
to as ultrasonic waves or
vibrations, and the term embraces all vibrational waves of
frequency greater than
approximately:
(a) 20 kHz
(b) 2 MHz
(c) 2 kHz
(d) 200 kHz
16. Y cut crystals produce:
(a) Longitudinal waves
(b) Shear waves
(c) Lamb waves
(d) Surface waves
17. The cable that connects the
ultrasonic instrument to the search unit is specially
designed so that one conductor is
centred inside another. The technical name for such
a cable is:
(a) BX cable
(b) Conduit
(c) Coaxial cable
(d) Ultrasonic conductor cable
grade 20
18. As ultrasonic frequency
increases:
(a) Wavelength increases
(b) Wavelength decreases
(c) Sound velocity increases
(d) Sound velocity decreases
19. In an A scan presentation,
the amplitude of vertical indications on the screen
represents the:
(a) Amount of ultrasonic sound
energy returning to the search unit
(b) Distance travelled by the
search unit
(c) Thickness of material being
tested
(d) Elapsed time since the
ultrasonic pulse was generated
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20. Loss of the test piece back
wall echo during scanning may be caused by:
(a) An abnormally homogeneous
material structure
(b) A smooth entry surface on the
test piece
(c) A discontinuity which is not
parallel to the entry surface
(d) An opposite surface which is
parallel to the entry surface
21. When a sound beam is
reflected:
(a) The angle of reflection is
found using Snell's law
(b) The angle of reflection
equals the angle of incidence
(c) All the sound energy is
reflected unless the acoustic impedance is zero
(d) Beam spread is decreased
22. Which of the following
circuits converts electrical energy to ultrasonic energy?
(a) The pulse generator
(b) The transducer
(c) The transformer
(d) The power supply
23. An instrument display in
which the horizontal base line represents elapsed time and
the vertical deflection
represents signal amplitudes is called:
(a) A scan
(b) B scan
(c) C scan
(d) A time line display
24. Which of the following
circuits provides short duration, high energy pulses which are
used to excite the transducer?
(a) The pulse generator
(b) The amplifier
(c) The transducer
(d) The clock
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25. A cross section view of a
test piece is produced by which of the following?
(a) A scan
(b) B scan
(c) C scan
(d) A time line display
26. Echo amplitude losses may be
caused by:
(a) Entry surface roughness
(b) Coarse grain size
(c) Discontinuity orientation
(d) All of the above
27. Which of the following is an
advantage of using a focused transducer?
(a) The useful range of the
transducer is decreased
(b) The useful range of the transducer
is increased
(c) Sensitivity to the effects of
a rough surface is increased
(d) Greater sensitivity is
achieved in the transducer's useable range
28. Which of the following
circuits provide current to operate the ultrasonic instrument?
(a) The pulse generator
(b) The amplifier
(c) The power supply
(d) The sweep generator
29. Which of the following is a
true statement?
(a) Higher frequencies produce
lower sensitivity
(b) Higher frequencies produce
longer wavelengths
(c) Thicker crystals produce
lower frequency transducers
(d) Longer wavelengths produce
higher sensitivity
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30. Which type(s) of sound wave
modes will propagate through solids?
(a) Longitudinal
(b) Shear
(c) Surface
(d) All of the above
31. The longitudinal wave
incident angle at which the refracted shear wave angle equals
ninety degrees is called:
(a) The Snell angle
(b) The Snell constant
(c) The first critical angle
(d) The second critical angle
32. The amount of beam divergence
from a crystal is primarily dependent on
the:
(a) Type of test
(b) Tightness of crystal backing
in the search unit
(c) Frequency and crystal size
(d) Pulse length
33. In ultrasonic testing, a
liquid coupling medium between the crystal surface and the
part surface is necessary because
:
(a) Lubricant is required to
minimize wear on the crystal surface
(b) An air interface between the
crystal surface and the part surface would almost
completely reflect the ultrasonic
vibrations
(c) The crystal will not vibrate
if placed directly in contact with the surface of the
part being inspected
(d) The liquid is necessary to
complete the electrical circuit in the search unit
34. X cut crystals produce:
(a) Longitudinal waves
(b) Shear waves
(c) Lamb waves
(d) Surface waves
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35. Lower frequency transducers
are normally used:
(a) In contact testing
applications
(b) In angle beam testing
applications
(c) In immersion testing
applications
(d) Where deeper penetration is
required
36. All other factors being
equal, which of the following modes of vibration has the
greatest velocity?
(a) Shear wave
(b) Transverse wave
(c) Surface wave
(d) Longitudinal wave
37. In immersion testing, the
position of the search unit is often varied to transmit sound
into the test part at various
angles to the front surface. Such a procedure is referred to
as:
(a) Angulation
(b) Dispersion
(c) Reflection testing
(d) Refraction
38. The angle of a refracted
shear wave generated as a sound wave passes at an angle
through an acoustic interface is
dependant on:
(a) The acoustic impedances of
the materials of each side of the interface
(b) The frequency of the incident
sound wave
(c) The wavelength of the
incident sound wave
(d) The hardness of the materials
on each side of the interface
39. Which of the following is a
likely effect of a rough test piece surface?
(a) An improved ultrasonic signal
to noise ratio
(b) A more penetrating sound beam
(c) Loss of discontinuity signal
amplitude
(d) Higher test reliability
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40. Wavelength is:
(a) The distance from the crest
to the next trough of a sound wave
(b) The time required for a sound
wave to propagate from a trough to the next
trough of a sound wave
(c) The distance a sound wave
travels in one second
(d) The distance from trough to
trough or from peak to peak of a sound wave
41. The velocity of surface waves
is approximately _______________ the velocity of
shear waves in the same material.
(a) Two times
(b) Four times
(c) One half
(d) Nine-tenths
42. An ultrasonic instrument
control which allows moving an A scan display to the left or
right without changing the
distance between any echoes displayed is called:
(a) The sweep length or range
control
(b) The damping control
(c) The sweep delay
(d) The pulse length control
43. A disadvantage of using
natural quartz crystals in a search unit is that:
(a) It will dissolve in water
(b) It is the least effective
generator of ultrasonic energy of all commonly used
materials
(c) It easily loses it operating
characteristics as it ages
(d) None of the above is correct
44. The formula Sin A/Sin B = VA/VB is known as:
(a) The Fresnell relationship
(b) Snell's law
(c) The law of sines
(d) The critical velocity ratio
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45. A 25 MHz search unit would
most likely be used during:
(a) Straight beam contact testing
(b) Immersion testing
(c) Angle beam contact testing
(d) Surface wave contact testing
46. A technique in which two
transducers are used, one on each side of the test piece, is
called:
(a) Angle beam testing
(b) Modified immersion testing
(c) Through transmission testing
(d) Twinning
47. Sound beam intensity is irregular
in the area called:
(a) The near field
(b) The far field
(c) The beam spread
(d) The delay line
48. A more highly damped
transducer crystal results in:
(a) Better resolution
(b) Better sensitivity
(c) Lower sensitivity
(d) Poorer resolution
49. The process of comparing an
instrument or device with a standard is called:
(a) Angulation
(b) Calibration
(c) Attenuation
(d) Correlation
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50. Scattering of an ultrasonic
beam is most pronounced when:
(a) Material grain size and
wavelength are comparable
(b) Low frequency transducers are
used
(c) Large wavelengths are used
for ultrasonic testing
(d) None of the above
51. Ultrasonic testing is:
(a) Mechanical energy with a
speed of propagation faster than the speed of sound
(b) Sound which has a frequency
or pitch above the range of the human ear
(c) The science of discontinuity
detection using ultrasonic sound
(d) Mechanical vibrations below
the frequency of human hearing
52. Which technique would most
likely be used to examine a weld, with the weld cap still
in place?
(a) Through transmission testing
(b) Angle beam testing
(c) Straight beam testing
(d) None of the above
53. The maximum frequency usually
used for contact testing is:
(a) 1 MHz
(b) 5 MHz
(c) 10 MHz
(d) 25 MHz
54. Higher frequency transducers are
normally used:
(a) In contact testing
applications
(b) In angle beam testing
applications
(c) In immersion testing
applications
(d) Where deeper penetration is
required
181
55. Typical ultrasonic testing
frequencies are:
(a) 50 kHz to 1 MHz
(b) 200 kHz to 25 MHz
(c) 10 MHz to 100 MHz
(d) 1 MHz to 5 MHz
56. ‘25 million cycles per
second’ can also be stated as:
(a) 25 kHz
(b) 2500 kHz
(c) 25 MHz
(d) 25 Hz
57. A disadvantage of using a
high frequency ultrasonic transducer is:
(a) It provides a smaller beam
angle and better resolving power
(b) It provides a larger beam
angle and poorer resolving power
(c) It is scattered more by
coarse grained material
(d) It is scattered less by
coarse grained material
58. Which of the following
circuits provides timing signals to the pulser?
(a) The clock
(b) The amplifier
(c) The pulse generator
(d) The sweep generator
59. Which of the following search
units would contain the thinnest quartz crystal?
(a) A 1 MHz search unit
(b) A 5 MHz search unit
(c) A 15 MHz search unit
(d) A 25 MHz search unit
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60. With longitudinal wave
incident at angles between the first and second critical angles:
(a) The sound beam is totally
reflected
(b) Only shear waves are produced
in the second material
(c) Shear waves and longitudinal
waves are produced in the second material
(d) Only longitudinal waves are
produced in the second material
61. Sound velocity is described
by which of the following relationships?
(a) Wavelength times frequency
(b) Wavelength divided by
frequency
(c) Wavelength divided acoustic
impedance
(d) Acoustic impedance divided by
density
62. The relationship between the
longitudinal wave incident angle and the refracted shear
wave angle is defined by:
(a) Snell's law
(b) Snell's constant
(c) The law of acoustics
(d) Fraunhofer’s law
63. Acoustic impedance is defined
by which of the following relations?
(a) Material density/wavelength
(b) Material density × velocity
(c) Velocity/wavelength
(d) Velocity × wavelength
64. The upper limit of human
hearing is normally considered to be about:
(a) 12 kHz
(b) 16 kHz
(c) 20 kHz
(d) 30 kHz
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65. Reference standards
containing a series of flat bottom holes of the same diameter at
different depths in each block
are called?
(a) Area-amplitude blocks
(b) Distance-amplitude blocks
(c) IIW blocks
(d) Sizing blocks
66. During ultrasonic testing by
the immersion method, it is frequently necessary to
angulate the search unit when a
discontinuity is located at an angle in order to:
(a) Avoid a large number of back
reflections that could interfere with a normal test
pattern
(b) Obtain a maximum response if
the discontinuity is not originally oriented
perpendicular to the ultrasonic
beam
(c) Obtain a discontinuity
indication of the same height as the indication from the
flat bottomed hole in a reference
block
(d) Obtain the maximum number of
entry surface reflections
67. Which of the following
transducer materials is the most efficient receiver of
ultrasonic energy?
(a) Lead metaniobate
(b) Quartz
(c) Lithium sulphate
(d) Barium titanate
68. An ultrasonic wave in which
particle displacement is 90 degrees to the direction of
wave propagation is called a:
(a) Longitudinal wave
(b) Shear wave
(c) Compressional wave
(d) Plate wave
69. An advantage of using lithium
sulphate in search units it that:
(a) It is one of the most
efficient generators of ultrasonic energy
(b) It is one of the most
efficient receivers of ultrasonic energy
(c) It is insoluble
(d) It can withstand temperatures
as high as 700ºC
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70. Moving a search unit over a
test surface either manually or automatically is referred
to as:
(a) Scanning
(b) Attenuating
(c) Angulating
(d) Resonating
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